Saka-persian wars

Abstract

This article examines the military campaign of the Persian kings Cyrus and Darius against Sakas, based on Greek sources such as Herodotus, Ctesias, Megasphenes, Diodorus, Polyene, and Beross, and Darius Behustin. In particular, the directions and times of the Persian expeditions to the Saka steppes, led by King Cyrus and Darius, the main goals and motives, driving forces and preconditions, and historical connections are analyzed, and the names of the Saka tribes that resisted it and their territories are identified. Also, the historical activities of the Saka king Tomiris, who fought against Cyrus, and the etymology of his name are scientifically analyzed on the basis of historical sourses. Several versions of Cyrus’ battle with Massagets are analyzed and provide arguments about Cyres’ death. The invasion of the Persian king Darius, who continued his campaign against the Sakas after Cyrus’ death, is also scientifically assessed, and its causes and time, directions and course, and results are described in detail. Analyzed the defence strategies and guerrilla tactics, as well as the heroism and perseverance of the Saka kings Idanfirs, Sco- passis and Taxakis against the invasion of Darius.

Key words: Sakas, Persians, Massagets, Herodotus, Tomiris, Cyrus, Darius, Oks, Jaxart, Danube.